Principal direction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Principal direction - Essay Example Individuals will then follow a principal direction giving them a sense of power. So, we can see the link between goal, meanings and the direction. That is, achievement or actualization of goal will provide meaning to one’s life and thereby paving the life in a new principal direction. So, this paper will analyze the theme, what is our goal, our meaning, our principal direction?, in relation to the activities of the central characters in E.T.A. Hoffmanns novel The Sandman, Fritz Langs silent film Metropolis and Terry Gilliams film Brazil. â€Å"The Sandman†, English translation of a German short story, â€Å"Der Sandmann†, was written by E.T.A Hoffmann and forms a part of the collection of stories titled, The Night Pieces. The story is about the central character, Nathanael and how his presumed horrors and nightmares in his childhood, continued to haunt him even in his adult life pushing him to go in search of an ‘undefined’ goal. That is, Nathanael forms a presumed fear about an imaginary character Sandman, who he thinks will steal the children’s eyes, if they don’t go to their bed early. Even though this story about Sandman is just a traditional bringer, Nathanael fully believes it. "My mothers answer did not satisfy me; indeed my childish mind formed the conviction that our mother was only denying The Sandmans existence so that we should not be afraid of him; after all, I could always hear him coming upstairs." (Robertson). He even ‘thinks’ and ‘sees†™ his father’s lawyer friend, Coppelius as the actual Sandman. And, when Coppelius disappears he feels little secured, but after passage of many years, in his adult life, that fear for Sandman reappears, when he sees a person named Coppola, who has striking resemblance to Coppelius. To ease his fearful mindset, Nathanael falls for Olimpia, daughter of Physics professor, Spalanzani, and sets a new goal of getting her.

Societies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Societies - Essay Example It is complex play of power and dominance over the weaker defenseless sex, for superiority and satisfaction. The relationship between man and woman, and the significant role that a woman plays to keep the social and the family scene moving accounts for the hidden power with which women perform her duties regardless of time and age, in 20th century Muslim society or 17th century Chinese society. Men reserved the right to betray, women remained faithful, virtuous and honorable before marriage and even after husbands death. In Alifa Rifaats collection of short stories "Distant View of Minaret" dealing with 20th century Muslim women in Egypt, the reference is to the issues related to woman's suffrage in contemporary Egypt. In the story "Distant View of Minaret" the reference in that context is to lack of privileges, rights, and gender roles and expectations facing woman. Or even simply the basic "Men being in control of woman." However, two unexpected issues are brought up in her book and both are reflected in this story. The first being sex and the second being death.(Rifaat) In this story, she describes the sexual suppression and deprivation of a young married woman. She had long forgotten her desires, needs, and urges. She had adopted a passive role not only in the family lifestyle but in the bedroom as well. "The last time she made such an attempt, so desperate was she at this critical moment that she had dug her fingernails into his back compelling him to remain inside her." ((Rifaat p. 2) The story then goes onto explains how her husband pushes her away and screams at her as though she was trying to kill him. After this failed attempt to pursue her passion she began to feel as though she was asking too much and belittled herself. It made her feel ashamed and embarrassed to even think about the act. Later in the story it points out other occasions where her husband would suppress her urges purposely. "But on each occasion, when breathlessly imploring him to continue, he would-as though purposely to deprive her-quicken his movements and bring the act to an abrupt end." (Rifaat) The act that is supposed to involve two people in passion suddenly dissolves to one.(Rifaat) In his book "The Death of Woman Wang" Jonathan D. Spence projects the life of the rural China in seventeenth century, when the ideologies of Confucius was very strong on the society. The story is about a woman, Wang, who has an illicit affair with a man and she runs away with him. The adultery is dealt very harshly in Chinese society. The husband had the right to punish, penalize or even kill the man as well as the wife. Wang is finally tracked own and returned to her husband, and is finally killed in her own bed by her husband for the disgrace. The projection of the position and the role of the woman in the Chinese society at that time is illustrated revealing the status and position of the woman in the Chinese Confucian society. The story of is the central essence of the book, though it is revealed much later in the book, the picture which is revealed is of village life in T'an-ch'eng, the people, society, their everyday life and interactions between the people in the community. The role of marriage and the transformation which a woman goes through to keep her marriage is one of the key issues emphasized in both the stories

Medias Influence on Civil Rights Movement Essay Example for Free

Medias Influence on Civil Rights Movement Essay â€Å"The brutality with which official would have quelled the black individual became impotent when it could not be pursued with stealth and remain unobserved. It was caught—as a fugitive from a penitentiary is often caught—in gigantic circling spotlights. It was imprisoned in a luminous glare revealing the naked truth to the whole world† – Martin Luther King (8, Kasher) The media controls the way the public views a controversial event. It can create the illusion that everything is perfect by leaving out important information, or can reveal the deplorable truth as the media did during the Civil Rights Movement. It was not always that way though, during the Colonial Era the media glossed over the brutality African Americans faced. It was not until the photography and recorders were invented that the media could really no longer deny the awful reality of the African Americans’ lives. With the Civil Rights Movement as an example, the media has evolved into a more reliable source. As history goes on, African Americans are being reported on more truthfully; the media has evolved into a more objective source containing more factual information. During 1700s, blacks were dehumanized and treated as animals; they cooked, gathered and did anything their master ordered. When they finally took a stance and decided to revolt they were lynched. Yet, in the eyes of the media whites were the heroes. Instead of reporting on the revolts with objectivity, the reporters commonly asserted their opinions into the articles, â€Å"In the past white news media ignored positive images of African American life† (10, Kasher). No matter what the incident was the â€Å"white man† always was superior. Through the media’s perspective, the whites were harmless and superior to the blacks. In an article from the Colonial Era when the slave revolts occurred the slaves were portrayed to be villains. The article stated, â€Å"They conspired to murder all the Christians here and by that means thinking to obtain their Freedom†¦ [They] put their bloody design in Execution and setting fire to a House, they stood prepared with Arms to kill everybody that approach’d to put it out and accordingly barbarously murdered the following persons that were running to the fire†¦This has put us into no small Consternation the whole Town being under Arms† (Boston News Letter, April 14, 1712). Besides objectivity, the article failed to inform the public of the brutalities the slaves faced everyday. Never did the article state what happened to the slaves after the incident either. However, when slavery was abolished the black man was not always viewed as the villain. Nonetheless they were definitely not treated equally compared to whites, which fueled their fight for equal rights. Without the media, the Civil Rights Movement would have never been successful. The pictures and videos of the violence the blacks tolerated from white supremacists helped their cause because the photos and videos were undeniable. No longer were the black people viewed as villains. â€Å"Scenes unthinkable to Americans as American were shown to America and all the world. Public Sympathy and financial support, as well as political backing, flowed to movement organizations† (8 Kasher). The Emmett Till Case was an amazing example of this, the Jet and Chicago Defender (both leading periodicals), reported on the story. The papers both included a picture of his swollen face as the aftermath of his horrific death. His case would transform the minds of many during that decade. From the attention the pictures of Emmett Till caused, the media recognized that shocking pictures made people want to read the articles. Also, the newspapers could not produce fake pictures, which forced them to be more truthful in their stories (Kasher 8). Currently, racism is still an issue in the United States but the press has helped bring awareness to the issue. For example, there are multiple blogs on how the world is still segregated even though there are no laws to support it. With the rise Internet, anyone is able to blog about their opinion on something or bring attention to a problem that is not being covered in the media. According to the book Blog! by David Kline and Dan Burstein, the average writer is over forty, which means there is not a lot of new and fresh ideas brought to the table for newspapers and magazines (373 Kline and Burstein). However, with the new and upcoming trend of blogging there are a variety of opinions and ideas. Also, social networking has enabled people to communicate faster and it’s harder for the government or press to hide certain information from the public in order for our countries reputation to be protected. In respect to racism and how the media reports on it, our country still has a long way to go but has come far. There are still the inevitable reports about African Americans being in gangs and shootings; however there are also stories of African Americans doing amazing things like becoming president. As the press learned during the Civil Rights Movement, people react more to shocking news so that’s probably why there is so many negative events that are broadcasted over the television and newspapers. The Internet has enabled the press to have more accurate and timely stories. The media has evolved into a more reliable source especially compared to Colonial Era. Also with all activity on the Internet the press is no longer the only source of information that the public can receive. That forces the media to be more truthful and value their reader’s trust.

Journalist Freedom Contempt

Journalist Freedom Contempt Journalist Freedom Contempt â€Å"The protection of a journalists source is of such vital importance for the exercise of his right to freedom of expression that it must, as a matter of course, never be allowed to be infringed upon, save perhaps in very exceptional circumstances† (Judge de Meyer, Goodwin v. UK, 1996). Consider whether section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981, as judicially interpreted and applied, reflects the above position. This paper will look to effectively consider whether section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981, as judicially interpreted and applied, reflects Justice Meyer’s view in Goodwin v. United Kingdom. Therefore, it will be necessary to outline what is meant by the ‘freedom of expression’ and section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act (‘CCA’) 1981, in the context of journalists and the protection of their sources, so as to determine their nature and scope. Then, following on this, it will be necessary to consider how the two interrelate and the problems with looking to recognise this relationship, before looking specifically at the decision in Goodwin v. United Kingdom, how the law has since developed, and how such matters have been dealt with in another jurisdiction, so as to effetively conclude upon this issue. Therefore, to begin with it is important to recognise the fact that, for any journalist, protecting the confidentiality of their sources is an integral part of their work because of the fact that they would be unable to carry out their jobs effectively without the trust of primary sources on the scene of some of the biggest news stories Accordingly, throughout the past two decades English courts have stressed the growing importance of freedom of expression and have become more willing to countenance the citation of authority from other jurisdictions Therefore, in some cases, English courts have even gone so far as to incorporate a statement of principle from First Amendment doctrine, as it is also widely understood the European human rights system generally supports journalists’ right to refuse to reveal their sources. This is effectively illustrated by the nature and scope of Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (‘ECHR’) 1950 that was effectively codified into our domestic legal system by the enactment of the Human Rights Act 1998. Accordingly, in keeping with their membership of the European Community as a whole UK domestic law also offers some form of protection for journalists and their sources before a court of law under section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act (‘CCA’) 1981. However, whilst section 10 of the CCA 1981 codifies the idea that there is not a court in the country that can require someone to disclose the source of information that is contained in the publication that they are responsible for, and nor are they guilty for refusing to do so, unless it is effectively established that disclosure is necessary in the view of the courts in the given circumstances, it is important to recognise the fact that this provision may not be keeping with Justice Meyer’s aforementioned view. Moreover, as several journalists have recognised, journalists can only appeal against an order for disclosure if they are personally party to litigation and, where this is allied with section 14 of the same Act it would seem that domestic law in this area is particularly stringent. However, it must be stressed that neither the ECHR 1950 nor domestic law confers a right upon anyone to ‘broadcast time’, since Article 10 simply confers a right not to have access to public media denied on discriminatory, arbitrary, or unreasonable grounds. This view is effectively illustrated by the Privy Council decision in Benjamin v. Minister of Information Broadcasting where the court quashed the respondent’s decision to suspend Mr Benjamins phone-in programme on Anguillan radio. Therefore, the Privy Council held that although Mr Benjamin had no right to broadcast, he did have the right not to have his access denied on arbitrary and capricious grounds. As a result, it must also be recognised that, according to the courts in this country, the ‘necessity’ for any restriction on freedom of expression must be convincingly established, according to the decision in Sunday Times v. United Kingdom. This is because the court in this case was â€Å"faced †¦ with a principle of freedom of expression†, but â€Å"it is not sufficient that the interference involved belongs to that class of the exceptions listed in article 10(2) †¦ neither is it sufficient because its subject-matter fell within a particular category or was caught by a legal rule formulated in general or absolute terms†. Moreover, their has been some judicial discourse regarding what is meant by the limited circumstances proscribed in section 10 of the CCA 1981, where the courts may find journalists in contempt for looking to protect their sources, and as to whether this is a fair reflection of Article 10 of the ECHR 1950 by comparing the views of Lord Justice Schiemann in Camelot Group plc v. Centaur Communications Limited and Lord Justice Sedley in Financial Times Ltd v. Interbrew SA. This is effectively illustrated by the decision in Secretary of State for Defence v. Guardian Newspapers Ltd where Lord Diplock said, â€Å"exceptions include no reference to ‘the public interest’ generally and †¦ the expression ‘justice’ †¦ is †¦ in the technical sense of the administration of justice in the course of legal proceedings†. Therefore, ‘The Guardian’had to reveal the identity of Sarah Tisdall, a government employee who photocopied a document showing American cruise missiles due to arrive in England, who was jailed as a result. However, despite the fact that it was stated in the decision of Ashworth Security Hospital v. MGN Ltd that â€Å"there can be no doubt now that both section 10 and article 10 †¦ enhance the freedom of the press by protecting journalistic sources†, it is perhaps little wonder the European Court of Human Rights (‘ECtHR’) has ruled that a journalist has the right to protect confidential sources except in these narrowly-defined circumstances. This is because, under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (‘ECHR’) 1950, a journalist must reveal a confidential source â€Å"where vital public or individual interests [are] at stake†. But it is very difficult to prove when such circumstances will arise. This is because, specifically, in the decision of Goodwin v. United Kingdom, the journalist in this case (a William Goodwin) refused to reveal the confidential source of damaging information relating to a particular company Tetra – and the information supplied to Goodwin was found to have come from a draft secret corporate plan that had gone missing from the company so that Tetra suspected a disloyal employee or collaborator. As a result, the company in question alleged that the information was stolen and that its publication could damage the company’s reputation and future business prospects, so this meant that the domestic tribunals in the UK sided with the company, barring the publication of the information and ordering the journalist to reveal his source. However, the journalist refused and was held in contempt of court and fined  £5,000 under section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981 that was upheld by the Court of Appeal and then the House of Lords. This meant the House of Lords specifically applied the principle expounded by Lord Reid in the decision of Norwich Pharmacal Co v. Customs Excise Commissioners when upholding the Court of Appeal’s decision that stated â€Å"if through no fault of his own a person gets mixed up in the tortious acts of others †¦ he †¦ comes under a duty to assist the person who has been wronged† But the journalist then looked to file a complaint with the European human rights system, arguing that his right to freedom of expression under the ECHR 1950 had been violated. Therefore, the ECtHR ruled the order to reveal the journalistic source and the fine imposed on the journalist for refusing to do so was incompatible with the ECHR 1950. Such a view was decided upon because the Court reasoned the â€Å"[p]rotection of journalistic sources is one of the basic conditions for press freedom† because â€Å"[w]ithout such protection, sources may be deterred from assisting the press in informing the public on matters of public interest†. This was supported by the fact that it was recognised in the decision of Goodwin v. United Kingdom that the â€Å"Protection of journalistic sources is one of the basic conditions for press freedom †¦ and is affirmed in several international instruments on journalistic freedoms† because otherwise â€Å"sources may be deterred from assisting the press†. Therefore, this would mean â€Å"the ability of the press to provide accurate and reliable information may be adversely affected† so that â€Å"source disclosure †¦ cannot be compatible with article 10 of the Convention unless it is justified by an overriding requirement in the public interest†. The decision followed on from that of the House of Lords in X Ltd v. Morgan-Grampian (Publishers) Ltd so that Lord Bridge of Harwich echoed their consensus as they indicated how the approach to be adopted to section 10 of the CCA 1981 involved very much the same balancing exercise as is involved in applying Article 10 of the ECHR 1950. Lord Bridge reasoned that as to â€Å"whether disclosure is necessary in the interests of justice gives rise to a more difficult problem of weighing one public interest against another† and so, when commenting on Lord Diplock’s dictum in Secretary of State for Defence v Guardian Newspapers Ltd, â€Å"to construe ‘justice’ as the antonym of ‘injustice’ in section 10 would be far too wide. But to confine it to ‘the technical sense of the administration of justice †¦ seems †¦ too narrow† Therefore, people â€Å"should be enabled to exercise important legal rights and to protect themselves from serious legal wrongs†. This means it â€Å"will not be sufficient †¦ to show merely that he will be unable without disclosure to exercise the legal right or avert the threatened legal wrong on which he bases his claim†. As a result, â€Å"the judge’s task will always be to weigh †¦ the importance of enabling the ends of justice to be attained in the circumstances of the particular case †¦ against the importance of protecting the source†. However, the House of Lords decision in Reynolds v. Times Newspapers altered the approach to qualified privilege because it established common law qualified privilege could apply to media publications and traditional duty and interest requirements could be satisfied by media publications so that publishers had no defence even if they were not careless or published the material to serve a general public interest. Therefore, with a generic approach, all such media publications would be protected unless claimants proved malice so that this means that, under the influence of the ECHR 1950, journalists’ confidential sources are accorded very strong protection in England, which makes it extremely difficult to prove malice. Moreover, a generic approach was rejected because its scope would be too narrow Instead, the House of Lords concluded common law qualified privilege should focus on the publication’s public interest qualities Similarly in the more recent decision of Ashworth Security Hospital v. MGN Ltd it was decided that the â€Å"care of patients at Ashworth is fraught with difficulty and danger† and â€Å"The disclosure of the patients’ records increases that difficulty†. This is because the court had had to decide whether to order disclosure of the identity of a hospital employee who had supplied confidential medical records on the Moors murderer Ian Brady to the Daily Mirror’s investigations editor. Accordingly â€Å"The source’s disclosure was wholly inconsistent with the security of the records and the disclosure was made worse because it was purchased by a cash payment†. As a result the court took a strict line with this decision because of the risk of further confidential information being disclosed for profit, supported by the earlier decision in Interbrew v. Financial Times Ltd Others. Nevertheless, in looking to compare these decisions with another jurisdiction, it is interesting to consider the fact that when Turkey attempted to justify its interference with journalists’ rights to freedom of expression on national security grounds, the ECtHR resolved the journalist’s complaints against the State in its decision in the case of Halis v. Turkey In this case the Turkish government imprisoned a journalist for publishing a book review that looked to express positive opinions about aspects of the Kurdish separatist movement. Therefore, the journalist was convicted domestically for violating the provisions of the Turkish Prevention of Terrorism Act 1991 through the dissemination of propaganda about an illegal separatist terrorist organisation. As a result, when the journalist filed a complaint with the ECtHR, the State defended that its restriction was necessary to protect national security. Accordingly, the ECtHR found that the restriction in these circumstances was made pursuant to Turkish law and that the sensitive security situation and the use of violence by a separatist movement in Turkey and the measures taken by the government had the legitimate aim of protecting national security and public safety. But the ECtHR found that the conviction and suspended sentence of the journalist was not necessary in a democratic society and that it violated the journalist’s right to freedom of expression. Similarly, in Sener v. Turkey, the owner and editor of a weekly Turkish paper was convicted of ‘disseminat[ing] propaganda against the State’ for publishing an article that referred to the military attacks on the Kurdish population as genocide, when Turkey again defended its interference with freedom of speech on national security grounds, and the ECtHRs held that the State had once again violated the applicant’s right to freedom of expression. Moreover, in the more recent decision of Dammann v. Switzerland, it was held that there had been a violation of Article 10 of the ECHR 1950 when a journalist had been prosecuted and fined for inciting a civil servant to disclose an official secret. The case arose because of the fact that the journalist had asked an administrative assistant to tell him whether a list of suspects of a recent robbery had any previous criminal convictions and she had supplied that information in breach of official secrecy law. Therefore, with this in mind, the Court held that the journalist’s source could be protected because the information supplied was a matter of great public interest and debate and the information in question could have been obtained by other means, such as through consulting law reports or press records. Similarly, the Irish Constitution has always recognised the freedom of expression because of the fact that, after centuries of British rule ended in 1921, the new Irish state chose to draft its own written constitution. Therefore, with this in mind, the current Irish constitution has recognised the right to freedom of expression and also calls for the country’s authorities to prevent the media from undermining public order or morality, whilst also preserving the medias right of liberty of expression. But, in spite of this codification, Irish journalists and law reformers understand that defamation decisions including Campbell-Sharp v. Independent Newspapers (IRE) Ltd have seriously impeded this right so that freedom of the press is seriously restricted. This is because of the fact that liability costs have discouraged investigative journalism and activists in this area have sought parity with the other jurisdictions under Article 10 of the ECHR 1950 in practice as well as in statute. In conclusion, this means that in looking to effectively consider whether section 10 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981, as judicially interpreted and applied, reflects Justice Meyer’s aforementioned view in Goodwin v. United Kingdom, it is clear that, whilst there is little doubt this provision provides the courts with an important protocol to protect journalists’ sources, section 10 does not give unequivocal reinforcement to journalists’ professional duty of confidentiality so that, worryingly, it is not just in exceptional cases that the statute’s protection is being overturned. However, whilst in view of the nature and scope of many of the more recent decisions, since that found in Goodwin v. United Kingdom, where the domestic courts have ordered disclosure, journalists still largely place their obligations towards their sources above anything to the court and the administration of justice under section 10 of the CCA 1981. This is because, in such circles, the freedom of expression under Article 10 of the ECHR 1950 is considered paramount and, as was the case in Goodwin v. United Kingdom, the matter can always be referred to the ECtHR for judgment should the domestic courts prove unduly restrictive. However, with this in mind, whilst one can only speculate what may be decided in cases like Ashworth Security Hospital v. MGN Ltd, it would appear, that specifically in this case, this might appear to fall within one of the exceptions provided by Article 10(2) of the ECHR 1950 – namely, â€Å"for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence†. Therefore, section 10 of the CCA 1981 appears quite reflective of Justice Meyer’s aforementioned view because of the limited circumstances where it has been infringed upon in domestic law before and after the decision in Goodwin v. United Kingdom. But, on the basis of the decisions in Turkey, Switzerland and Ireland, by way of comparison, it is all too clear that even where one of the exceptions under Article 10(2) of the ECHR 1950 is cited, it must be proved to the ECtHR satisfaction otherwise it will still apply. This is because such a view arises from the fact that since, as we have already recognised, the European Court of Human Rights has categorically stated that the right to freedom of expression must be guaranteed not only for information and ideas that are favourably received, but also for those that shock the State Therefore, it must be recognised that the right to freedom of expression would be nonexistent if only statements acceptable to the government, and the majority, were allowed to be expressed so that all facts and opinions must be permitted, provided that they are not specifically restricted by the governing treaty. Bibliography Frazier. S ‘Liberty of Expression in Ireland the Need for a Constitutional Law of Defamation’ (1999) 32(2) Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 391 Gordon. R. S, Ward. T Eicke. T ‘The Strasbourg Case Law: Leading Cases from the European Human Rights Reports’ Sweet Maxwell (2001) Hare. I ‘English Lessons in Comparative Public Law: Will the First Amendment have the Last Word?’ (2000) 10 Trinity Law Review 29 Hare. I ‘Method Objectivity in Free Speech Adjudication: Lessons From America’ (2005) 54(1) ICLQ 49 Moncrieff. M ‘No names†¦ unless the court decides otherwise’ The Guardian (08/04/02) (http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2002/apr/08/mondaymediasection4) Pasqualucci. J. M ‘Criminal Defamation the Evolution of the Doctrine of Freedom of Expression in International Law: Comparative Jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ (2006) 29(2) Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 379 Soames. M ‘Privilege, yes, but it is to protect the public’ The Times (26/07/05) (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,8163-1705639,00.html) Weaver. R. L, Kenyon. A. T, Partlett. D. F Walker. C. P ‘Defamation Law Free Speech: Reynolds V. Times Newspapers and the English Media’ (2004) 37(5) Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 1255 Table of Cases Ashworth Security Hospital v. MGN Ltd [2002] UKHL 29 Benjamin v. Minister of Information Broadcasting [2001] 1 WLR 1040 Camelot Group plc v. Centaur Communications Limited [1999] QB 124 Campbell-Sharp v. Independent Newspapers (IRE) Ltd No. 5557 (Ir. H. Ct. May 6, 1997) Dammann v. Switzerland (Application No. 77551/01) ECtHR 2 May 2006 Derbyshire County Council v. Times Newspapers Ltd [1993] AC 534 Fernando v. Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation (1996) 1 BHRC 104 Financial Times Ltd v Interbrew SA [2002] EWCA Civ 274 Goodwin v. United Kingdom (1996) 22 EHRR 123 Halis v. Turkey [2005] ECtHR 3 Interbrew v. Financial Times Ltd Others [2002] 1 Lloyds Rep 542 Jersild  v.  Denmarkjudgment  of 23rd September  1994,  Series  A  no.  298 Norwich Pharmacal Co v. Customs Excise Commissioners [1974] AC 133 R v. British Broadcasting Corporation, ex parte ProLife Alliance [2004] 1 AC 185 Reynolds v. Times Newspapers [2001] 2 AC 127 Scharsach News Verlagsgesellschaft v. Austria (2003) ECtHR 596 Secretary of State for Defence v Guardian Newspapers Ltd [1985] AC 339 Sener v. Turkey [2000] ECtHR 377 Sunday Times v. United Kingdom (1979) 2 EHRR 245 X Ltd v. Morgan-Grampian (Publishers) Ltd [1991] 1 AC 1 Table of Statutes Bunreacht na hEireann 1921 (as amended) Contempt of Court Act 1981 European Convention on Human Rights 1950 Human Rights Act 1998 Turkish Prevention of Terrorism Act 1991

Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights - Not a Romance Novel :: Free Essay Writer

Wuthering Heights - Not a Romance Novel Emily Brontà «, author of Wuthering Heights, grew up in isolation on the desolate moors of Yorkshire, knowing very few people outside of her family. In the book, Brontà « contradicts the typical form of writing at the time, the romance, and instead composed a subtle attack on romanticism by having no real heroes or villians, just perceivable characters, and an added bit of a Gothic sense to the whole thing. Brontà « accomplishes this by presenting us with the anti-romantic personalities of Heathcliff and Edgar, main characters who are brutal and immoral monsters, who eventually die in the end. The novel's generally tedious atmosphere hardly creates a parallel to the typical romance where everything is laid out nice and neat and "near-perfect" to the reader, but rather takes place on the barren grasslands of England, where dreary weather and something else are present. Emily Brontà «'s utilization of the character Heathcliff contradicts the impression of romance. Heathcliff's pessimism and self-absorbtion is evident when he says, "Linton would be nothing, nor Hindley, nor all the dreams that ever I dreamt. Two words would comprehend my future - death and hell" (147, Brontà «). Heathcliff never reveals any "charm" like a romantic hero would, instead, he is abussive to everyone, " . The character Heathcliff is definitely not a romantic hero.   Edgar is also a very unromantic character. He really doesn't care what his love wants and becomes jealous and arrogant when he suggests that, "The kitchen [be] a more suitable place for [Heathcliff]" (96). Edgar hates the idea of Heathcliff being happy so he practically disallows Catherine from seeing him. Brontà «'s creation of a bleak mix of bad weather and a setting of barrenness in the story do not fit the romantic guidelines. This point is brought to attention early in the novel when Lockwood thinks that Wuthering Heights is, "So completely removed from the stir of society. A perfect misanthropist's heaven" (1). Here, she is describing what characters think of the country side, "Yesterday afternoon set in misty and cold. I had half a mind to spend it by my study fire instead of wading through heath and mud to Wuthering Heights" (14). Here again the country side is described, " there was no moon and everything beneath lay in misty darkness" (125).

Essay --

The Continuum Hypothesis: Shyness, Social Anxiety and Avoidant Personality Disorder In today’s extroverted world, the shy temperament has become synonymous with insecurity, social anxiety, functional deficits, inhibited social skills, avoidant social behavior and impaired behavioral, somatic and cognitive symptoms in social settings. However, shyness has been suggested to lie on a spectrum ranging from normative shyness to a pathological state of extreme social phobia and avoidant personality disorder. The distinction among the varying levels of shyness on the continuum has been a topic of interest to current researchers, specifically qualifying normative shyness from highly shy, and highly shy individuals with and without social phobia. The difference between an individual with shyness and one with social phobia can be explained by comparing how the two approach social situations, and how they respond cognitively, behaviorally and physiologically. A shy person might go to a social event but feel uncomfortable and not enjoy themselves very much. However , an individual with social phobia may not even be able to make themselves go to the event at all. Differing levels on the shyness continuum differ markedly in measures of symptom intensity, daily functioning, quality of life, and anxiety and performance in social settings or conversation tasks (Chavira, Stein & Malcarne, 2002). Individuals with social phobia differ most significantly from those with high shyness and no social phobia in dimensions such as number of social fears, avoidance of social environments, negative thinking and physiological symptoms. Even people with shyness experience much higher quality of life and less functional impairment than those with soci... ...hibiting than the generalized type. However, in the highly shy group, most diagnoses were for generalized social phobia, indicating that highly shy individuals experience more interactional fears than performance based fears, which are common of non generalized social phobia and a limited type of social fears (Chavira, Stein & Malcarne, 2002). The central finding of the study was that 49% of highly shy individuals and 18% of normative shyness were diagnosed with social phobia (Chavira, Stein & Malcarne, 2002). This distinction supports the assertion that shyness and social phobia are significantly related. Additionally, the results of the study support the continuum hypothesis which dictates that higher shyness levels towards the end of the spectrum create greater susceptibility to psychiatric diagnoses such as social phobia and avoidant personality disorder.

Research Paper on Shakespeare

Drew Ewing Mrs. Stevenson English II November 6th, 2012 Shakespeare William Shakespeare is one of the most well respected and time honored man of all time. His unique style, mysterious life and amazingly written sonnets make him the most studied and analyzed men to ever walk the planet. William Shakespeare, born in Stratford-upon-Avon, he was baptized on April 26th 1564, but his actual birth date is unknown. Shakespeare was the third child of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden. William had two older sisters, Judith and Joan, and three younger brothers, Richard, Gilbert and Edmund.Not a lot is known of Shakespeare’s childhood, which is part of the reason everyone is so skeptical of his ability to have written everything he wrote. It is generally assumed that he went to the local grammar school, the King's New School, for most of his childhood. Shakespeare did not attend a university. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, he had three children with her, a daughter named Susan na, and twins Hamnet and Judith. In 1585 he started a career as an actor, play writer, and a part owner of the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, also known as The Kings Men.By the early 1590’s it is believed that Shakespeare had already written some plays and had a successful career as an actor. Sometime in 1589, Shakespeare wrote his first play, Henry VI. Between his marriage and writing this play, he moved to London. Shakespeare was not an immediate and universal success but with the the plays Richard III, Henry VI, The Comedy of Errors, and Titus Andronicus written Shakespeare became a popular playwright by the 1950’s. The year 1593, marked a huge point in his career as a playwright.By the end of that year, he scored a very important friend and fan in the Earl of Southampton and his Venus and Adonis was published. It is one of the first of Shakespeare’s works to be printed and it was a very big success. Many people believe that Shakespeare started his work as a poet and that he wrote the majority of his famous sonnets in the 1590’s as well. In 1594, Shakespeare made a return theater and became one of the Lord Chamberlain's Men, which was a group of actors who eventually became the KIng’s men.He was very successful at with this group and became very famous through his plays and acting in some of them. He remained associated with the organization until his death. Many people considered acting and playwrighting a very notable career it was seen as a form of entertainment and not a profession that should be wanted. Even with so many people that did not think that Shakespeare career was one that should be granted a lot of money he still ended up being very wealthy and acquired a lot of money, which he used to by a house in Stratford for his parents.This house was the second largest in the town and was considered to be the nicest. â€Å"In 1596, Shakespeare applied for a coat of arms for his family, in effect making himself a gent leman. †(Biography of William Shakespeare 1) The coat of arms was a way for people to kind of show their family off, it was only given to people that had a lot of money and were considered to be very successful. Shakespeare died at age 52 on the 23rd of April in 1616, at this time he was already a very famous playwright and he was well known in all of England.Shakespeare was buried at the Holy Trinity Church. His epitaph that was carved into the stone that was covering his grave has a curse on it against anyone that moves his bones, when the church was renovated in 2008 the workers were very careful not to disturb his remains in fear of getting cursed. Shakespeare’s writing style is definitely unique and is widely accepted as easy to recognize. He used a very common rhythm for his day, the iambic pentameter. â€Å"Shakespeare used a metrical pattern consisting of lines of unrhymed iambic pentameter, called blank verse.Shakespeare's sonnets are written in iambic pentame ter, Shakespeare's style of writing and meter choice were typical of the day, and other writings of the time influenced how he structured his compositions. †(Mabillard) One of the things Shakespeare was best at was being able to make his characters seam human, he was able to show that they aren’t just characters in a story, but that they were real people that could be sympathized with. Many scholars believe this is why even to this day, his works are considered to be some of the best orks of literature, and audience’s are still captivated by his works. Shakespeare made his characters development directly intertwined with the plot, which made his characters seem even more real. â€Å"Shakespeare's characters were complex and human in nature, he changed what could be accomplished with drama. † (Frye 118) Shakespeare’s sonnets are considered to be some of the greatest and most eloquent poems in all of English literature. So by analyzing his genius in p oetry and style, scholars and ordinary readers alike, try to understand the genius in the poet.There is very little known of Shakespeare’s personal life or feelings he had about himself. This being so a lot of scholars focus on his style and way of saying things to try and get a better understanding of Shakespeare the person. Many scholars have tried to get an insight into shakespeare by analyzing how and what he wrote. Many poets use poetry as a way to express their feelings and emotions, so readers of Shakespeare should be able to start to grasp a picture of who he was by reading his poetry and paying attention to the similarities and unique differences of his work to the norm of the day.Shakespeare’s style was a blend of contemporary and pure originality that makes him such a powerful poet. Sonnet 18 is one of Shakespeare’s most famous and critically acclaimed poems. By just reading it, the poem sounds like it is just a poem that praises the beauty of of a wo men. But if you take it a step farther and look deeper you can start to see just how impacting of a person that Shakespeare is writing about. The language in this sonnet is also extremely original, it is very different from the other sonnets.It is not loaded with alliteration or any other kind of poetic device, and the poem is not excessively wordy, it flows and gets its very powerful and majestic point across. As Shakespeare liked to do in his sonnets a lot every line ends with some form of punctuation, which in turn makes it dramatic and very suspenseful. Shakespeare starts the poem with a question in the very first line asking to compare the woman he is writing about to a summer’s day. Basically he is posing the question if he should compare the beauty of the beloved to the beauty of a summer’s day.The second line of the poem says â€Å"Thou art more lovely and more temperate. † Shakespeare uses the word temperate to mean moderate or modest, like it is averag e in amount. He is emphasizing how much he loves her and how beautiful she is. When Shakespeare uses the words â€Å"rough winds† in line 3 i think that he is using that as a metaphor for the flaws in this women, but that there are not any flaws in her, but there are in summer, so he can not really compare her to a summers day, because in his eyes she is flawless.In lines four and five Shakespeare continues to point out the imperfections of summer, in that it ends, but her beuaty does not. In the sixth line he tells how sometimes the sun is not hot enough, or the opposite in line five, that it can sometimes be too hot, but again, that is not the case with his beloved. Shakespaere finally just says the summer can not ever be perfect in lines seven and eight. He starts to come back to the women’s beauty in line nine, by using the words â€Å"eternal summer†, stasting that her beauty is everlasting and it will never go away like summer’s does.In the next thr ee lines, he portrays a picture of this women, and that even though she will grow old and may not be healthy she will never lose her beauty. And in the final two lines of the sonnet Shakespeare says that her beauty will never go away, because everytiime someone reads this poem they will think about her. Shakespeare is the one of the most famous and well respected writers and poets of all time. From his mysterious life, to his unique writing style, his amazing and time lasting plays, and his sonnets, he is an international phenomenon for as long as his plays and sonnets can be read.Shakespeare is the best and one of the most interesting men that has ever lived. Works Cited Frye, Roland Mushat. Shakespeare: The Art of the Dramatist. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970. Print. Greenblatt, Steven. â€Å"Shakespeares Leap. † New York Times. New York Times, 12 Sept. 2004. Web. 4 Nov. 2012. . GradeSaver. *Biography of William Shakespeare | List of Works, Study Guides & Essays*. GradeSave r, 30 November 2012 Web. 30 November 2012. Mabillard, Amanda. Shakespeare's Writing Style. Shakespeare Online. 20 Aug. 2000. (6 November 2012) . Magill, Frank N. Masterplots II. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Salem, 1986. Print.